People and Civilizations of the Americas

People and Civilizations of the Americas An ancient civilization called Mesoamerican of the Maya developed a written language which enabled scribes to record the important actions of rulers and military events. One of the scribes was called the Mayan Scribe. The Mayan Scribe used a complex writing system to record religious concepts and memorializes the actions of their kings. Lady WacChanil-Ahau, the Maya princess, mounted a litter decorated with rich textiles and animal skins. The Mayans had a urban center called Dos Pilas. Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau’s destination was the Maya city of Naranjo, where she married a powerful nobleman. Her marriage was eliminated when the regions major military power Caracol, had defeated Naranjo. K’ ak Tiliw Chan Chaak, the son of Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau, ascended the throne of Naranjo as a five-year-old in 693 C. E . Chaak was a prodigious builder, leaving behind an expanded and beautified capital as part of his legacy. He erected numerous carved stone monuments called stelae celebrated her life. The defeat of the city-states of Tikal and Naranjo by Caracol undermined long-standing commercial and political relations in much of southern Mesoamerica and led to more than a centaury of conflict. Caracol was challenged by the dynasty created at Dos Pilas by the heirs of Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau. The two shared culture and religion, the great Maya cities stayed divided by the dynastic ambitions of their rulers and by the competition for resources. The people of the Americas were in constant competition for resources as the story of Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau’s marriage and her role in the development of the Maya dynasty suggested them. Member’s elites organized their societies to meet these challenges, even as their ambition for greater power predictably ignited new conflicts. No single set of political institutions or technologies worked in every environment, and enormous cultural diversity existed in the ancient Americas. Mesoamerica, which is Mexico and northern Central America and the Andean region extraordinarily productive and diversified agriculture. Cities were built that rivaled the capital of the Chinese and Roman Empire in size and beauty. The rest of the hemisphere, indigenous peoples adapted combinations of hunting and agriculture to maintain a wide variety of settlement patters, political forms, and cultural traditions. All cultures and civilizations of America experienced cycles of expansion and contraction as they struggled with the challenges of environmental changes, population growth, social conflicts and war.

Business Proposal Essay

Funding Requirements14 Confidentiality Agreement The undersigned reader acknowledges that the information provided in this business plan is confidential; therefore, the reader agrees not to disclose it without the express written permission of Mr. K Seeman Durai. It is acknowledged by the reader that information to be furnished in this business plan is in all respects confidential in nature, other than information that is in the public domain through other means, and that any disclosure or use of this confidential information by the reader may cause serious harm or damage to M/s. Newsky Fireworks Limited Upon request, this document is to be immediately returned to Mr K Seeman Durai. Signature Date : 26. 05. 2013 1. Executive Summary Promoter’s Profile 1. Name:K Seeman Durai 2. Age:45 years 3. Address:No. 4859 Nethaji Road, Sivakasi 4. Educational Qualification:M. B. A. , M. I. B. 5. Years of Experience:20 years (M/s. Murugan Fireworks) Financial projections are summarised and highlighted. (Rs. In Lakhs) |Particulars |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Sales |50. 0 |75. 00 |90. 00 | |Exports |35. 00 |40. 00 |50. 00 | |Net Profit before Tax |15. 00 |35. 00 |50. 00 | |Investment |80. 00 |90. 00 |95. 00 | 2. Company Description Promoters and Shareholders |Name |Age |Designation |Address |No. of Shares | |K Seeman Durai |45 |Promoter |No. 859 Nethaji Road, Sivakasi |10 lakhs | | Karthik |43 |Chief Executive |No. 728, West Car Street, Trichy |1 Lakh | | | |Officer | | | | Jeya Sivasakthi |45 |Managing Director |No. 73, South Masi Road, Coimbatore. |2 lakh | |Kandan | | | | | |P. Dhanalakshmi |35 |Director |No. 83, Sarojini Road, Salem. |3 lakh | |T. Abinaya |34 |Director |No. 34, Second Street, Theni |3 lakh | |S. Aishwarya |40 |Member |No. 4859 Nethaji Road, Sivakasi |1 lakh | |S. Geetha |39 |Member |No. 73, South Masi Road, Coimbatore. |1 lakh | Advisors |Name |Educational |Role |Address |Contact No. | |Qualification | | | | |CA G Rajesh |M. Com. , F. C. A. |First Auditor |8493 Sarojini Street, Chennai|+919835748343 | |Mrs. D Sheela |M. A. ,M. L. , |Legal Advisor |857, Gandhi Road, Madurai |+919447382342 | |Mr. K Gulandaivel |B. E. , |Technical Advisror|76, Tagore Street, Vellore |+919472834234 | Products and Services †¢ Unique Selling Points : Crackers that burst with wordings regarding to the occasion. e. g. Happy Diwali, Happy New Year, Happy Married Life etc. ) Long Term Aim of the Business â€Å"To provide Eco-Friendly Crackers† Objectives |Particulars |I |II |III |IV |V | |Sales |50. 00 |75. 00 |90. 00 |95. 00 |100. 00 | |Exports |35. 00 |40. 00 |50. 00 |55. 00 |60. 00 | |Employment |2. 00 |2. 15 |2. 25 |2. 50 |2. 60 | SWOT Analysis Strengths |Weaknesses | | | | |Investments and Professionals | | |Opportunities |Threats | | | | |Everlasting Demand |Competitions | 3. Market Analysis Target Market Market Segmentation Profile of Competitors Main Competitors would be : †¢ Arasan Groups of Fireworks Industries †¢ Kaliswari Fireworks †¢ Sony Fireworks Competitive Advantage We have the following Competitive Advantages †¢ Unique features †¢ Price †¢ New technologies or systems †¢ Better value to customers in terms of efficiency †¢ Greater compatibility with existing systems †¢ Include any independent validation or case studies Benefits to Clients Our product provides to potential customers in terms of their own business goals. It enable them to: †¢ Increase sales †¢ Increase efficiencies Save money †¢ Save time †¢ Maximise resources †¢ Reduce errors †¢ Reduce downtime †¢ Improve Customer Service, reduce churn, increase loyalty 4. Marketing/Sales Strategy Marketing Strategy †¢ The Southern Tamil Nadu zone is to be concentrated first and youngsters are to be focused †¢ Followed by youngsters, children, adults are to be concentrated †¢ Youngsters are the potential customers already targeted †¢ Test site in operation are will be conducted, and feedback will be analysed properly †¢ Agents and Representatives are expected for marketing Sales Strategy The major Sales Strategy is to sell directly and by means of distributors. Particulars |Direct Sales |Through Distributors | |Composition |25% |75% | |Cost Involved |10/unit |7/unit | |Pricing |Penetration |Penetration | Pricing †¢ Competitors Price is higher than our price †¢ There is a sufficient level of competition in the market †¢ Production costs and overheads are expected to be 60% of sales †¢ The buyer can control the price to a c onsiderable level. Marketing and Communications Strategy Advertising and Publicity will be the active source of Promotion. Advertising : Through televisions and newspapers. It is targeted to audience all over the state at the initial level Publicity : Banners have been planned to be placed at various hot locations 5. Research and Development Process [pic] Research and Development It has been planned to organize a R&D Department that would be actively engaged in the research of Eco-friendly crackers and to come up with various innovative ideas. 6. Staffing and Operation Management Organisation Chart Staffing †¢ Department Managers are to be appointed by the Board of Directors. The selection criteria for the same would be Educational Qualification, Experience, Age etc. , Department Managers are given the power to recruit employees for their concerned departments for which selection criteria is to be set by the directors. †¢ Skilled, Semi-Skilled and Unskilled Workers are to be utilised for various production processes. The same would be procured from the nearest locations at a reasonable cost. Tr aining Plans Training Programmes are to be conducted at regular intervals in order to enhance the efficiency of the skill levels of the workers. 7. Financial Projections IKey Assumptions10 IIBalance Sheets11 IIICashflow12 Requirements for Preparation of Projections 6. Opening figures included based on latest Mgmt/Audited accounts 7. Shareholders Fund analysed into Share Capital, Share Premium and Retained Profits 8. Sales Assumptions provided by unit, price segment & geography and reconciled to pipeline 9. Expenditure categorised into R&D, Admin and Overheads and Promoters / key managers salaries 10. Identification of monthly and cumulative company operational deficits 11. Sensitivity analysis may be required, detailing strategies to be implemented if sales or expenditure targets are not met. 12. Projections should identify separately Operational Cash Flow and external Cash Injections IKey Assumptions |Particulars |Year 1 |Year 2 | |No. f Employees |250 |300 | |Investments in Equipment |1,50,00,000 |1,55,00,000 | |Projected R&D costs |25,00,000 |20,00,000 | |Depreciation allowed for |12,00,000 |11,50,000 | |Expected rent and rates charges |5,00,000 |5,00,000 | |Creditor days expected |45 |60 | |Debtor days allowed |60 |60 | IIIBalance Sheets IVCashflow 9. Funding Requirements |S. No. |Sources |Amount | |1. |Equity Shares of Rs. 10 each |Rs. 60 crore | |2. |10% Preference Shares of Rs. 100 each |Rs. 25 crore | |3. |8% Debenture of Rs. 100 each |Rs. 25 crore | |4. |Term Loans |Rs. 10 crore | Required for: †¢ Equipment:10 crore †¢ R&D:15 crore †¢ Marketing:2 crores †¢ Staffing:6 crores ———————– 26. 05. 2013 Newsky Firework Limited Business Proposal K Seeman Durai & Group

Benefits and Influence of Music

Nowadays, music is very popular for teen and all ages. Some people like to listen Classic music and other like RB or hip hop. It depend on their interesting. Even many people like music, but it still has advantages and disadvantages also. First of all, I would like to talk about the advantages of music. There are many advantages, but Ill tell you more details about that. First point, the music can make us feel relieve. Sometimes, when you get In the moody. You can take out your amp and listen to it, you will be feel relieve. The music such as hip hop or R;B can elf you to get In the good mood again.Second point, music can make us feel more comfortable. When you listen the romantic music, you such a kind of dreaming or you feel that you can fly and get the romantic feeling. So your feeling more comfortable and being happy all the time. Third point, music can reduce your stresses all the time. When you stress, you listening music or do other activity in order to reduce your stresses step by step. You can listening hip hop music, its help you smile. This is the last point of listening music, music can bring us in to one society by the meaning of the song.For example, you are listening to the Americans song ( Dead and Gone), you can learn about the society in America. What happened in that or something beside this. Also you can improve your listening skill by listen the English song too. However music has many advantages, but its also has disadvantages too. Listening music waste a lot money. When the singer show up or release new album, you always spend your money to buy it every time they release. If they release 100 different new album, Would you buy all this album? Thats why I can say music waste a lot of money. On the other hands, music waste our time too. When you are addicted In to music. You always sit and listening to it without doing anything. You Just sit and listen. You dont go out and do your work. Besides that, If you listen too much time and put your headset every time. You will have problem with your ear. You will spend much money or time to treat It. Totally, every things always have advantages and disadvantages. But If you get the information about this already. You should reduce your listening habit step by step. Benefits and influence of music Music gives different meaning to everyone. Music is a combination of art form from influence, past time, hobby and passion.From classical to Jazz, pop, rock, RB, hip hop or even devotional songs, music affect different people in many different way. That is why we can see nowadays some people who are enthusiastic about music even attribute themselves and their talents into music professions. Music touches our soul and allows us to express different moods and emotions. Therefore, music has many roles that affect everyones life. Listening to certain songs usually triggers to certain emotions linked to that song. As for me, I would listen to various rots of songs to cheer my mood up.And seriously, life without music would be very dull. Have you ever heard of the saying, hooked on the feeling? . Well, it really happens. For example, during festive seasons like Christmas, many people will put on Christmas songs because this will help them to stay on the state of euphoria all month long and bring back their childhood memories of Christmas. Therefore, music also plays a very crucial ole in overall development of an individual. It can take the mind and body to do spontaneous things either good or bad, depends on the type of sic a person is listening to and it message contains.For instance, when someone is listening to sad songs related to their love or life, the listener will be highly in touch with that song connected with their emotions. Likewise, when another person is listening to a heavy metal songs, they might inhibited violated act or aggressive behavior as rock songs bring about rebellion and agitation influence. However, for some people, listening to this type of songs is their way of expressing anger and relieve from pain. Well, its actually depends on that person himself on how they interact and influence by the music.

The Impact of Advertising on Consumer Behavior Dissertation

The Impact of Advertising on Consumer Behavior - Dissertation Example Advertising requires a high level of competence in order for the advert to have an impact on consumer behavior (Murray, 1973, p. 156). In order to impact on the consumption behavior of the market, the management has to come up with appropriate strategies that will take care of customer interests and desires an aspect that will convince target consumers to shift towards the product. The drafting of the message to be used, selecting the budget, media to be used in spreading the message and the actual advertising plays a crucial role in determining peoples response towards the message. All these factors should, therefore, be taken care of in order to ensure that message has an impact on the target consumer (Armstrong & Kotler, 2011, p. 167). The use of visual aids or pictures has increased over the last few decades. Unluckily, availability of a marketing or consumer hypothesis to explain on the forms of pictorial gambits presented in promotion (Malkewitz et al, 2003, p. 13). This resear ch will employ an empurpled strategy to understanding and organizing the advertising pictures (McQuarrie and Mick, 1996, p. 427). We will make several assumptions in this research. First, we will assume that the marketers choose the pictures from a palate; secondly, pictorial factors can be associated with consumer reactions. Thirdly, we will assume that the palette has an inner composition which aids in indicating the effects that each pictorial factor will bring to the consumers.  

Community Project Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Project Paper - Essay Example My community health class and I decided to volunteer to go in person to the House of Ruth. This is because the House of Ruth is not far off from where we are, and they appreciate any contributions given to them including material donations. It is was also convenient for each one of us from class, and therefore we decided to go together to give at least a sizeable donation together as a class. The House of Ruth, as mentioned above, helps those infected or affected by HIV/AIDs to move on with life, especially because of the added burden of medical care for the sick. These families and individuals will often be subjected to financial and material strains. The House of Ruth comes in to help ease these burdens through volunteers and donors. I personally dropped off donations at the House of Ruth, which included toilet paper, two tissue boxes and two shampoos. The reason I chose House of Ruth is because it is dedicated to making a difference in the lives of people affected or infected with HIV/AIDS. Their  noble cause is worth, and they are a non-profit organization, depending mainly on volunteers and donors. As such, it only felt right to go and take part in making a difference in the lives of these people, and that is mainly why we chose it. Again, the House of Ruth is not far from our residence, making it convenient to drop off our donations in person. The house evidently could do with donations since it is a non-profit organization. The donations we made would be used to provide essential commodities for the beneficiaries of the house. This will give them an easier time in their day-to-day living and improve their life quality. Financial donations can be used for educational purposes and for providing basic necessities too to the people of the House. There was not much that we donated, but the little we did surely put a smile on the faces of these

How Plagiarism Impacts the Universities Speech or Presentation

How Plagiarism Impacts the Universities - Speech or Presentation Example It is from this premise that universities have instituted codes of ethics to promote good academic practices (â€Å"Academic Integrity and Ethics†, 2014). Plagiarism compromises the quality of education offered in tertiary institutions and the research conducted by students due to failure to recognise other scholars’ works. The tutors have a mandate to implement the provisions of the policies with utter strictness to ensure the learning processes in their institutions are above board recognize any form of academic malpractice (Ting, Musa, & Mah, 2014, p. 74). However, due to the laxity in the implementation of these codes across all universities the issue continues to thrive because some institutions tend to have less stringent measures regarding concerning plagiarism. Parents prefer to enrol their children in schools with high academic integrity to ensure they gain a quality education and knowledge before they get into the corporate world. It is from this point that the issue of class or status among schools arises. Conventionally, some schools tend to be ranked better than others despite both having equal capacity in terms of faculty members and other learning resources. Therefore, institutions that are strict on academic integrity tend to be reputable since the stakeholder in the corporate world tend to prefer the graduates from such institutions at the expense of the graduates from schools with lenient plagiarism measures and other uncouth academic practices (â€Å"Why Students Plagiarise†, 2014). University education is based on research work through which new ideas and knowledge are discovered in the course of learning. It is from learning processes in the tertiary institutions that new techniques and methodologies of doing things in the market are developed.

Engineering Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Engineering Practice - Assignment Example This essay stresses that ethics is a normative science which differs in some way with the positive science. The science which is studied in laboratories of the universities is described as the positive science. Positive science is depicted as what we observe through our eyes or through other sensory organs. There is another science which does not directly deals with the observation rather it is based on the standard of rules and norms by which certain objects are judged, this science is known as normative science. Normative science is also responsible for testing the validity of the set standard of rules. This paper declares that a person gets his ethical principles and values form the moral education at home, lessons taught at school or in some special religious training. Some people also acquire the principles and values from the messages of society via radio, television, newspaper, books and magazines. Some of the individuals also acquire values and principles through real life experiences. Engineering and management are both relevant areas of study. Now Engineering can be defined as a profession where there is knowledge of mathematics and natural science gained through theoretical, practical studies and experience, is applied to develop different forces of nature for the welfare of people. Management can be defined as a process of planning, designing and controlling the environment in which persons, working together in group, successfully accomplishes their desired goals. (Weihrich & Koontz, 2006, p.5-6). Control plays an effective role in the management of an enterprise. An organ isation comprises of different types of employees on the basis of their needs, want and interest, in that area management control creates coordination and give directions (Flamholtz, 1996, p.4-6). Ethical Issues Ethics in workplace is the set of values and beliefs which guides an employee.

BHS 455 (Computer & Information Systems) Module 2 SLP Essay

BHS 455 (Computer & Information Systems) Module 2 SLP - Essay Example Now the aim of this module is to select the better information system communication technology that will involve the data and information collection and processing areas. Here I will describe the information exchange procedure and its purpose. This research will also outline the key Inputs, Processes and Outputs that are used in the overall communication system. UHB (University Hospital Birmingham) is the healthcare organization I have selected for the assessment for which we are going to implement the information technology system. UHB (University Hospital Birmingham) Foundation Trust was honored a excellent ranking for excellence of service as well as outstanding for utilize of resources regarding the patients life safety, this rating is established by the Healthcare Commission yearly Health repot 2007. Here I will outline the main departmental and organization structure of the University Hospital Birmingham. This departmental division will provide a great help regarding the technology needs assessment and technology implementation areas. This will also help us to outline the important data and information areas from where we can access the data for the better organizational data and information utilize. The basic aim of development of health care management and handling system is to provide a better working platform to the business and managing the hospital in a better way. For the University Hospital Birmingham it is really essential, because for such huge business we need a system that can centralize the whole working departments and management areas. The manual management of such system is really difficult so we need a system with better management capabilities, so there is great need of inter-departmental communication for the effective management of staffing, resources, treatment, finances, and demand, need and supply. We have planned an information system structure that will comprise the organizational LAN (Local

Police in society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police in society - Essay Example Dominating mentality is natural for all human beings. Police officers are getting the authority to dominate others through legal channels. If they try to use this authority simply to dictate others, such authority may yield more harm than good. So, it is necessary to make sure that the police recruits are able to use their power judiciously once they got their appointment. Psychological tests or screening are necessary to assess whether the police recruits would be able to use their power judiciously or not Courage is one of the necessary qualifications required for the police officer post. Cowards can never excel in police departments. The threats from the criminals and terrorists are attaining serious dimensions at present and the police officer should be able to counter all such attempts with courage. Only the psychological screening will reveal the abilities of a police recruit in tackling difficult situations in which courage is necessary. In short, psychological screening is ne cessary to police recruits to assess or forecast their future behavior. Vicarious liability is the liability of the superior for the acts of his subordinates. For example, an employee may feel that his manager has the authority to fire him. In fact, the employer need not given such authority to the manager. Here the employee’s belief is developed simply because of his unawareness about the organizational culture in his firm. Here the employer forced to take the vicarious liability of the acts of his manager because of the misunderstandings of the employee about his employer and manager. Chain of command is the order in which the authority and power of the top management is being exercised upon the employees at different levels. If the top management should ensure that all the employees in the organization have the right knowledge about the power, duties and responsibilities of each employees working in that firm. Otherwise employees may keep wrong inferences about the authori ty of other employees and the employer has the vicarious liability in such cases for the wrong assumptions of the employees. Harassment at workplace is common all over the world and America is also not an exception. Most of the workplace harassments are taking place because of the employee’s unawareness about his rights and the rights of his superior. The superiors often try to make the subordinate believe that he has enough power to take any actions against the employee. The employee may try to keep silence over the superior’s torture in such situations and when any disputes occur. In such cases, the employer is responsible to answer the questions about the torture, if he failed to give adequate information to the victim about the power structure in the organization well before the employees tarts his work in that organization. As per vicarious liability rule, â€Å"employers should establish anti-harassment policies and complaint procedures covering all forms of unl awful harassment† (The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) â€Å"An injury inflicted by positive, willful, and aggressive conduct, or by design, as opposed to an injury caused by negligence or resulting from an accident† can be put under intentional tort whereas â€Å"the failure to do something that a reasonable person would do in the same circumstances, or the doing of something a reasonable pers

Perspective on social sciences Essay Example for Free

Perspective on social sciences Essay Social science and social theory were to liberate the thoughts and thus aid social groups in deposing domination and repression. This formation of critical social science and social theory stands stridently at odds with the moderate positivist professionalism of mainstream sociology in the sense that it envisions human liberation as the highest rationale of intellectual commotion. Habermas has taken pains to argue that this decisive outset of social science and social theory is not opposed to what he calls the project of modernity, which commenced with the Enlightenment. Certainly, he contends that critical social theory, conceived as communication theory and ethics, accomplishes the project of modernity by further rationalizing social life in ways estimated but not completed by Weber. Though Habermas needlessly divides instrumental and communicative rationalities, much as Kant did, thus limiting the field of human liberation to communicative projects but leaving technology and its dominion of nature untouched, he masterfully reconceptualizes Marxism in ways that provide it empirical and political purchase in the present. Far from deserting modernism and modernity, Habermas argues that Marx was a modernist and that the project of modernity can simply be fulfilled in a Marxist way, although in terms that deviate drastically from the Marxist and Marxist-Leninist frameworks of the early twentieth century. Habermas supports the Enlightenments program of common liberation and rationality through (a reconceptualized) Marx. This assurance to the Enlightenment and modernity must absolve critical social theorists such as Habermas of the inductions that they are Luddites, antimodernists, anarchists. Far from inadequate academic life, including social science and social theory, to be abridged to didactic political education, Habermas wants to open academic life to genuine debate and diversity, which he theorizes in terms of his communicative ethics. though the characterization of left academics as bigoted supporters of political correctness is largely hype promulgated by eighties neoconservatives, many critical social theorists are especially hard on purveyors of multicultural identity politics, particularly those who derive from postmodernism. Professionalized liberal positivists, including numerous U. S. sociologists, conflate all theoretical heterodoxies, particularly where they argue that one should defend the disciplinary project of sociology against the wild men and women who would politicize sociology and social science at a time when reputable sociologists are fighting a rearguard action against budget slashing university administrators. These professional positivists marginalize all thought and research that do not kowtow to the strictures of supposedly value-free quantitative empiricism. This obliterates nuances: Habermas (1987a) takes postmodernism to task; Fraser (1989) urges Habermas and Foucault to be more overtly feminist. It also fails to distinguish that critical social theories hold rigorous analysis, objectivity, professionalism, even disciplinarily. Critical social theorists vary from professionalized positivist sociologists most sharply in arguing that the aim of knowledge is illumination and hence liberation, not the development of personal professional credentials or the progression of ones discipline. Critical social theorists snub Comtes model of the hard sciences as a symbol for their own work as they believe that positivism eradicated historicity and hence the possibility of large-scale structural change. Critical social theorists are unashamed to be seen as political, particularly when they agree with Horkheimer and Adorno in Dialectic of Enlightenment that the charade of freedom from values is the most invincible value position of all, taking up the present as a plenitude of social being and contradicting utopia. It is sarcastic that positivist sociologists in the United States who attempt to establish their discipline in the university by stressing its resemblance to the hard sciences, including both positivist quantitative process and grant-worthiness, also argue that sociology should eloquent what are called policy implications, particularly now that a Democrat is president. Applied sociology proposes state policies in realms such as health care, aging, social welfare, work and family, and crime. Positivist sociologists assert that sociology pays its own way by underlining its real-world applications suggested in the narrow technical analyses propagating in the journals. numerous positivist journal articles formulaically conclude with short excursuses on policy in this sense. This segue into policy investigation both legitimizes sociology in the state apparatus (e. g. , public research universities) and helps sociology evade a more fundamental politics the notion of policy implying moderate amelioration of social problems and not methodical change. As well, the discussion of policy enhances the grant-worthiness of sociological research, which has turn into a trademark of academic professional legitimacy. Thus, the shift from the sociological to the social on the part of significant social theorists who support interdisciplinary is intimidating to disciplinary positivists because it augurs the politicization of social theory and social science at a time while some believe sociology should put definitive distance between itself and its sixties engagements. The tired stand-up line of sociologys critics that sociology alliterates with socialism, social work, and the sixties symbolizes this preoccupation with the legitimating of sociological disciplinarity and explains why interdisciplinary approaches to the social are so threatening. The interpretive disciplines and sociology are moving in contradictory directions: Interpretive scholars and cultural critics acclaim the politicization of the canon, whereas positivist sociologists want to subjugate politics. Leading U. S. literary programs such as Dukes are awash in these new theoretical movements that hassle the obsolescence of canonical approaches to the study of literature and culture. In these venues, politics is not a afflict to be eliminated but an opening to new ways of seeing, writing, and teaching. Suddenly, with the invasion of these new European and feminist influences, traditional approaches to representation (depicting the world) in both art and criticism could no longer be trusted. Postmodern fictional and cultural theory blossomed in a post representational era, specifically the opposite of what was happening in positivist sociology, which clings more obstinately than ever to representation -achieved through quantitative method as the supposed deliverance of an embattled discipline. Not all versions of postmodernism are eligible as either social or critical theory. However, as Fredric Jameson (1991) has argued in Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, postmodern theory has the potential for new forms of neo-Marxist social and cultural investigation pertinent to late capitalism. Foucault, Jean Baudrillard, and Derrida make means for critical theories of the social, especially where they make possible the critical analysis of cultural discourses and practices that intimately resemble and deepen the Frankfurt Schools analysis of the culture industry. And postmodern theory has made it nearly unattainable for people in interpretive and cultural disciplines to approach texts as if the meanings of those texts could be revealed to presuppositionless, really positivist readings. Postmodernists drive home the point that reading is itself a form of writing, of argument, in the sense that it fills in gaps and contradictions in texts through strong literary practices of imagination and interrogation. Few today can approach the act of reading or writing concerning reading in the same secure way that they could read texts before postmodernism, before representation was quizzed as a severely theoretical and political project in its own right. A momentous number of sociologists and anthropologists (Richardson [1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1991a, 1991b], Denzin [1986, 1989, 1990, 1991c], Aronowitz [1990], Behar and Gordon [1995]) draw from postmodernism in reformulating both social science research and theory in light of postmodernisms influential challenge to positivist theories of representation, writing, and reading. However, it is clear that most American sociologists and others in neighboring social science disciplines not only distrust but deplore the postmodern turn for its alleged antagonism to science and hence objectivity, rigor, disciplinary legitimacy, quantitative method, and grant-worthiness. The new scholarship in humanities departments enlightens critical social science in that it reads cultural discourses and practices as ideological and commoditized and helps formulate more general hypothetical understandings of society. For example, the work of Jameson, the author of numerous vital books on cultural and social theory from Marxism and Form (1971) to Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), clearly puts in to the project of critical social theory. Jameson is in dialogue with critical theorists and postmodern theorists. He develops a postmodern Marxism that learns from but does not give in to the detotalizing implications of postmodern theory. Although many of Jamesons references are from culture and literature whereas Habermass, for example, are from social theory and communication theory Jameson in effect does postmodern critical theory in his readings of works of literature, architecture, music, painting, and philosophy, presenting not simply close textual analysis but expanding his readings into oversimplifications quite similar to those of postmodern social theorists (e. . , Aronowitz, Luke) in social science disciplines. Cultural studies is intrinsically a pandisciplinary project in the sense that culture, as the Birmingham theorists conceptualized it, is not simply found in everyday life as well as in museums and concert halls but also disquiets a wide range of disciplines in the human sciences or human studies, broadly conceived. Almost no social science or humanities discipline falls outside of the potential purview of cultural studies, which could be seen as a theoretical perspective, a discipline, a corpus of writing, and even an investigative methodology. Like the Unit for Criticism at the University of Illinois, in which Cary Nelson, Lawrence Grossberg, and Norman Denzin had part-time faculty appointments, the CCCS at the University of Birmingham has brought together scholars from a variety of disciplines. Like interdisciplinary projects such as cognitive science, cultural studies is a perceptible interdisciplinary project collecting scholars who believe they cannot practice their interests in cultural studies within their home disciplines or who want to claim an individuality somewhat diverse from their disciplinary identities. By and large, scholars in humanities departments have been better able to do and teach cultural studies within their home disciplines, particularly where their home disciplines have embraced the new postcanonical, postcolonial, feminist scholarship. Social scientists have had a greater tendency to identify their interest in cultural studies outside of their disciplines proper, many of which have been indisposed to abandon their relatively narrow concepts of culture in favor of a more inclusive one or do not acknowledge the need to practice the study of culture outside of a discipline for which the study of culture has always been central, such as sociology and anthropology. This distinction between the ways that humanists and social scientists build up their identities, affiliations, and academic practices as cultural studies scholars is also replicated in their respective attitudes toward the matter of politicization. Although most scholars around the campus who do cultural studies are leftist and feminist, social scientists lean to position cultural studies as an empirical and theoretical contribution without close ties to politics, therefore legitimizing their work within fundamentally empiricist and objectivist disciplines. Humanists lean to embrace their close ties to politics, as the Birmingham scholars did, even arguing that curricular politics, including the politics of the norm and the resist to define and implement multiculturalism, is an important place for social change today. Cultural studies increasingly splits into politicized and apolitical camps, through the former group deriving from Marxist cultural theory and joining the influences of the Birmingham School, feminism, and Baudrillard. The latter group includes scholars who do not view cultural studies as a political project but somewhat as an occasion for deepening their own disciplines or working across disciplines. Much work on popular culture, such as that of the Bowling Green group mentioned, comes from this second group. Humanists are more probable than social scientists to belong to the first group. This is satirical in that left-wing and feminist cultural studies grew out of Marxist social and cultural theory and only later were modified by humanists such as Jameson to their own projects. In this sense, critical social theorists involved in culture tend to cluster in humanities programs, or if they work in social science departments, they are typically isolated among their colleagues. It is much more common to find gathers of culturally oriented critical social theorists outside the social sciences, for instance, in English and comparative literature departments and programs. Though these comparative literature students and faculty are more obviously and blatantly politicized than most of my erstwhile colleagues and students, they approach society through the text. This peculiarity is far from absolute. Nevertheless, much of the best critical social science and social theory is being done in humanities disciplines. Sociology, for instance, sought greater institutional authenticity by attempting to imitate and integrate the methods of the natural sciences. Disciplines such as English, comparative literature, womens studies, and media studies were concerned with culture as well as politics and thus were usual gathering points for faculty and students interested in the politics of culture. PART 2 Modern-day slavery breaches the basic right of all persons to life, freedom and the security of the person, and to be liberated from slavery in all its types. It weakens the rights of a child to grow in the protecting environment of a family and to be liberated from sexual maltreatment and abuse. Migration is some what Modern-day slavery that has become a main concern of government officials, political leaders, policymakers, and scholars, and many books and journal articles have been published on a diversity of topics related to migration comprising cultural change (Sowell, 1996), health (Loue, 1998), law (Weiner, 1995), mental health (Marsella, Bornemann, Ekblad, Orley, 1994), population movements and demographics, politics, urbanization, and the survival of human society. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is conceivably the most noticeable international organization concerned with migration. However, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and the World Council of Churches, Refugees and Migration Services also have high visibility as policy, service, and research agencies. Other private agencies that have high visibility include Amnesty International, International Rescue Committee, Doctors Without Borders, Human Rights Watch, and the U. S. Committee on Refugees.

McWill SCDMA Wireless Access Technology Computer Science Essay

McWill SCDMA Wireless Access Technology Computer Science Essay McWiLL is the most advanced broadband wireless solution provided by Beijing Xinwei Telecommunications Technology. The technology is based on SCDMA, and is known as Multicarrier Wireless information Local Loop (McWiLL). McWiLL combines SCDMAs traditional use in narrow-band voice and introduces a mobile broadband data service that ties into an IP-based core network. It is based on CS-OFDMA adaptive modulation, and uses dynamic channel allocation and smart antennas to enhance its throughput. SCDMA is a wireless access technology developed by Beijing Xinwei Telecom Technology Co., Ltd. The SCDMA air interface is a national wireless access standard in China. The SCDMA products contains a full suite of advanced wireless communication and networking technologies, such as smart antennas. The key technologies of SCDMA form the foundation of TD-SCDMA, an ITU Standard for 3G Wireless Communications. Earlier SCDMA products are narrowband products focusing on fixed and mobile voice applications. A new generation of SCDMA products are broadband products, Multicarrier Wireless Internet Local Loop (McWiLL), focusing on fixed and mobile voice and high speed data application. McWiLL has been deployed in several Chinese cities, including Guangzhou and Qingdao, where its been used for video, voice and data communication. McWiLL successfully served for 2008 Beijing Olympic Regatta, providing the high-definition, real-time mobile video services. Internationally it has been deployed in more than fifteen countries, such as USA, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ukraine, Malawi, and Mozambique. McWiLL is a TDD-based wireless access platform that combines SCDMA (synchronous CDMA), CS-OFDM (code spreading orthogonal frequency division multiple access), MIMO and smart antennas, as well as other wireless techniques such as adaptive modulation (up to QAM64), dynamic channel allocation and make-before-break handoff, to offer a high-speed data and voice services. All these features are designed to work with any IP core network and provide up to 15Mbps of data rate using 5MHz of spectrum. http://oksunpeng.blogspot.com/ In a way, McWiLL tries to incorporate all of todays wireless networking techniques into a single platform which is very possibly why it is almost impossible for a normal human to understand. McWiLL Base Station supports the following features: (a) Support up to 15Mbps net throughput with 5MHz bandwidth; (b) Support fixed and mobile, voice and data services; (c) Support up to 163dB link budget; (d) Support Make-before-Break handoff and L2 tunnel; (e) Support QoS and GoS features; (f) Support Over-the-Air upgrade; (g) Support low power consumption (150 Watt); (e) Support VLAN, PPPoE and penetration of private networks http://oksunpeng.blogspot.com/2009/03/what-is-mcwill.html McWill(Multi-carrier Wireless Information Local Loop) is a mobile broadband access system based on SCDMA technology platform. McWiLL Technology Smart Antennas Dynamic Channel Assignment Code Spread OFDMA (CS-OFDMA) Time Division Duplex (TDD) Efficient VoIP Technology Make-before-Break Baton Handoff Adaptive Modulation QoS GoS Security Fraud Protection McWiLL System Features Main Services ¼Ã… ¡Fixed, portable, mobile voice and data communications. Main Features ¼Ã… ¡BTS with 5MHz can support up to 15Mbps net throughput, each sector can support more than 300 simultaneous sessions, supporting high-speed mobility, handoff and roaming, N=1 frequency planning, and low latency. Product Characteristics: Support up to 100KM/H mobile speed Terminals are backward compatible Support efficient voice communications and low-bandwidth data. Support N=11 deployment. Products available in the following frequencies: 336-344MHz, 400-430MHz, 698-746MHz,1785MHz-1805MHz, 2150-2180MHz, 2525-2560MHz, 3300-3400MHz Characteristics of Chinese Rural Areas Challenges ¼Ã… ¡ Low subscriber density, large separation of villages, far away from urban areas Complicated environment (mountainous and hilly terrain) Poor facility (backhaul, power supply, etc.) Low income Current wireline/wireless communication systems cannot meet these challenges Low ARPU Less than $4/month in most areas Busty traffic High traffic especially in Chinese traditional holidays Asymmetric traffic More incoming calls than outgoing calls Little usage of value added services Unique Advantages of Deploying McWiLL Large coverage enables fewer cell sites which are expensive in developing countries, leading to much lower Capex and Opex. N=1 deployment enables a wide area network with as little as 5MHz spectrum, leading to much lower upfront investment on spectrum which is usually quite expensive. Products with a wide range of frequency allow an operator to choose the most cost effective spectrum to operate. Lower terminal cost and adequate data rates allow an operator to minimize the Opex and lower the entry barriers for a subscriber. Most McWiLL terminals can support both voice and data services. GSM/McWiLL dual mode handsets/PDAs allow an end user to enjoy 3G beyond performance of McWiLL data and cost effective voice without sacrificing easy access advantages of GSM. Summary of McWiLL Advantages Large coverage (up to 60Km) Smart antenna,400MHz frequency band Low cost Already large volume, cost effective architecture, SCDMA ASIC chipset, no royalty fees, low RD cost, low manufacture cost, multiple vendors due to SCDMA Alliance High capacity BTS capacity 24Mbps/10MHz ¼Ã…’supporting up to 8,000 voice subscribers One system fits all Via flexible configuration, one system can meet the requirements of different user groups (high-end and low-end), services (voice and data), and time (current and future). Product maturity and reliability 10 years RD, large scale deployment, redundancy architecture, long time operational networks, an experienced team of installation and customer support. Easy to install and maintenance Terminal zero install, easy-to-use tools for customer self debugging, remote access trouble shooting tools for support personnel. Abstract In this presentation, we will first give an introduction of popular wireless multiplex technologies such as WCDMA and OFDMA and then present our McWiLL technology which is an optimal integration of WCDMA and OFDMA technologies to effectively address the technical challenges of wireless broadband access, such as capacity, coverage, multipath fading, and intercell interference. In other words, McWiLL effectively avoids the major drawbacks of WCDMA and OFDMA and draws their advantages of both technologies. Unlike voice centric WCDMA or data centric OFDMA (WiMax), the McWiLL wireless broadband access system can efficiently combines both voice and data applications. Finally, we will provide brief introduction of McWiLL product roadmap and application. McWiLL Fits Chinese Rural Markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Smart antenna and 400MHz frequency band allows the McWiLL systems to have large NLOS coverage (up to 60KM). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multicarrier BTS can support up to 8,000 voice subscribers having sufficiently high capacity to support bursty traffic in rural applications. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cost effective architecture and SCDMA ASICs allow the McWiLL products to have sufficiently low cost per line ($60-80 overall cost per line including both terminal and infrastructure). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Zero install of McWiLL terminals and rich tools for self and remote troubleshooting make it very easy to deploy the McWiLL systems in rural areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 10 years RD, redundancy architecture and large-scale deployment (>2 million subscribers) make the McWiLL products mature and reliable enough to deploy in remote rural areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integrated voice and data solutions can allow the McWiLL systems to meet both current and future service requirements of rural customers. My opinion Multicarrier Wireless Internet Local Loop (McWill) is developed by Beijing Xinwei Telecom Technology Co., Ltd. It is a wireless access technology which can cover for the very large area, its coverage can up to 60KM. Therefore it is very suitable for china because it is a big country. Its been used for video, voice and data communication and successfully served for 2008 Beijing Olympic. Even though McWill is very popular but it cannot be use for every country for example, Singapore. Singapore is a small country if using the technology of McWill, there will be a lot of wasted.